September 11 gave rise to a number of phrases that have since entered our lexicon: 9/11, twin towers, ground zero, terrorist, war on terror, WMD, shock and awe. Was it a speechwriter or the inarticulate Bush himself who coined 'shock and awe', a slogan as ugly as war Itself? 'Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance' (1996), authored by Ullman and Wade, was a white paper produced five years before 9/11 for the National Defense University, located in Washington DC and funded by the US Department of Defense.